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Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World 1780-1830 (Studies In Modern History), by C. A. Bayly
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In this impressive and ambitious survey Dr Bayly studies the rise, apogee and decline of what has come to be called `the Second British Empire' -- the great expansion of British dominion overseas (particularly in Asia and the Middle East) during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era that, coming between the loss of America and the subsequent partition of Africa, constitutes the central phase of British imperial history.
- Sales Rank: #1462829 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Routledge
- Published on: 1989
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.41" h x .64" w x 5.49" l, .84 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 312 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
'This is a rich and ambitious book. Its purpose is to put into focus developments throughout the world in the age of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars and their aftermath. It offers a radically different interpretation from generally accepted theories about the history of the world for this period.'
The Times Literary Supplement
Most helpful customer reviews
7 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Remarkably synthetic
By A Customer
In Imperial Meridian Chris Bayly offers readers his most ambitious and synthetic work. Spurning localist and micrological historiography such as has come to dominate history departments over recent decades, Bayly ventures to do that for which most readers still turn to history, making connections and drawing parallels. In this work, the author is doing much more than distilling archival research. At the same time, he also eschews cluttering the work with too much in the way of strained interpretation. This book is by no means theory laden. It does however provoke that most profound of theoretical questions in the social sciences: how is it that, after differance, resistance, and contestation in locality after locality have been accorded due recognition, the historian of the modern nevertheless sees his subject matter as bound up within a single, if complex, historical dynamic that seems always already abstract and global? That is, by rejecting the localism of so much post-modern history writing and the nationalist preoccupations of an earlier day, Bayly re-asserts that level of analysis once denoted by the word "capital", now generally denominated "modernity". Eminently readable and stimulating, Bayly's book makes its reader smarter. At the same time, the book is true to its craft in its avoidance of claims that it finds overly abstract or reductionist. Still it avoids reading like an assemblage of so many discrete facts through its refusal to neglect connections and parallels. It is, in other words, a historian's work of history from which non-specialists and even non-historians stand to benefit greatly. Readers more familiar with his work and that of his Cambridge School colleagues will the opening two chapters on the pre-colonial transregional Muslim empires most stimulating for their condensation of earlier arguments less systematically pursued.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
A seminal work of imperial history
By Silvester Percival
I've been thinking about Chris Bayly a lot lately owing to his recent, unexpected death. He was one of the greatest historians of his generation, able to reach across the continents intellectually as well as personally, connecting Britain, India, and beyond. He is mostly remembered for his pioneering work on modern India, but this book on the British Empire is one of his greatest works and will be read for many years.
David Fieldhouse calls Imperial Meridian “the most important and influential single book published during the last thirty or so years on this hinge between the first European empires established from the fifteenth century and those of the modern period.” The era between 1780 and 1830 fits uneasily into existing schemes of historical interpretation. It has often been described as a period of transition from the old mercantilist empires to Britain’s liberal paramountcy in the age of free trade. Bayly seeks to correct the Whiggish view that the period saw the newly liberal and industrialized West achieving almost casual dominance over a decadent East. Some decline had occurred in the Asian states, Bayly argues, but nothing significant enough alone to allow European states to overcome them. Conversely, there was nothing new and nothing particularly liberal about European expansion before 1830. Rather, European imperial expansion was the outcome of warfare, and of the greed and ambition of public servants and private interests, very seldom the result of economic or political liberalism, as Vincent Harlow had argued. Bayly describes this phenomenon as a “military-fiscal” empire, made possible by the improvement in efficiency of the British state and its commitment to fighting France.
Several themes unite the study. First, the author discusses European and non-European imperialism using the same sets of concepts. Secondly, he follows Schumpeter’s line of argument that Britain was a kind of refurbished ancient regime, dominated by a small, agrarian-based ruling class that had never abandoned its authoritarian “atavisms.” Thirdly, after 1830, the rate of territorial expansion slowed down, financial problems mounted, and the old agrarian ideology gave way to the new forces of liberalism and science. Bayly divides the history of imperialism into three broad categories. The first consisted of the Iberian and Dutch conquests of Asia and America from 1520 to 1620. The second period spans the period from 1760 to 1830, “when European empires first seized substantial territory in south and south-east Asia, raced ahead in north America and Australasia, marked out the near east and southern Africa as spheres of dominance, and brought Atlantic slave system to its peak.” The third period involves the “new imperialism” after 1870, when most of Africa and a scattered remnant of other territories finally came under imperial rule. He argues that the period from 1780 to 1830, the one under review in his book, is ultimately most important because it saw the sophisticated and literate cultures of Asia and the Near East fall under European control for the first time.
Nevertheless, as Bayly explains, the period from 1760 to 1830 fits ill in the broader theorizing about imperialism, which has been tailored to explain the final push for empire after 1870. He argues that the best way to understand European expansion between 1760 and 1830 is to put the story in the context of European conflict and rivalry. The need to finance European armies and preserve fiscal stability drove European states to seek expansion overseas. A kind of “imperialism of military fiscalism” emerges as the main cause of expansion in Bayly’s study. He argues accordingly that historians should modify their view that this period saw the beginnings of the imperialism of free trade. “The dominant ideologies of the imperial projects of the period were informed by its military and aristocratic character.” The period saw the peak of slavery and slave trade, he argues, both attempts to draw revenue from overseas conquests. “Military attitudes, military finance, intentions, and structures tied together the fabric of the European empires of this period.” Moreover, during this period European expansion drove non-European states to create and develop their own empires – it energized local patriotism. “Lenin and Schumpeter got it right in part.” But their ideas should be applied to the “second British empire” between 1760 and 1830, not to the present or the future in the later-nineteenth or twentieth centuries.
Bayly's study is an original and field-changing contribution and should be read by all students of Europe, Asia, and modern imperialism.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Remarkable Depth and Breadth
By D. B. Levenstam
I used Imperial Meridian the first time I taught Europe's Expansion Overseas, an undergraduate history course, at The University of Iowa back in 1996. Bayly writes like an erudite British historian--in other words, over the heads of the average Big 10 undergraduate history student--so I never used it again, despite the great depth and breadth of the material it covers.
Bayly focuses on the interaction between the British Empire and the three great Moslem (or Muslim as we say today) Asian empires ruled by the Ottomans (Turkey), the Safavids (Persia) and the Mughals (India). In his thesis he argues that the degree of centralized rule by the dynasty in question determined how it faired when interacting with the British.
On one end, both geographically and politically, the Ottoman sultans ruled through centralized government machinery (inherited in part from the Greeks who ruled the Byzantine Empire that the Ottomans had conquered), and buttressed their political rule by serving as the heads of Islam in their country. On the other end the Mughals ruled disparate, essentially alien, non-Muslim populations across the Indian subcontinent largely through local, non-Muslim magnates. So while the Ottomans lost outlying pieces but never lost control of their core to the British, Mughal rule dissolved, displaced by British rule.
The Safavid shahs, in the middle both geographically and politically, had more centralization than the Mughals, and served as the heads of Shi'a Islam, but did not have the extreme centralization of the Ottoman sultans. A revolt by Afghani tribesman combined with attacks from the Russians and the Ottomans helped depose the Safavids, but the Afsharid dynasty soon replaced it, tossing out the Russians and Ottomans, and reestablishing relations with the British. The British were thus able to influence Persia more than than they did the Ottoman Empire, but never came to rule it as they did India. Bayly argues, thus, that it was the degree of central rule possessed by each Muslim dynasty rather than British policy that served as a primary determinant of how much control the Britain came to exert in each empire.
I highly recommend it to anyone who wants to learn about the British Empire and, if not the whole world, certainly the Ottoman, Persian and Indian empires.
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